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Halal Cosmetics: A Review on Ingredients, Production, and Testing Methods

1

Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Cosmeceutics, Schoolhouse of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Nihon

ii

International Center for Halal Studies, Management and Science University, Selangor 40100, Malaysia

3

Section of Chemist's shop, Faculty of Health Science, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic Academy Jakarta, Banten 15419, Indonesia

4

Schoolhouse of Pharmacy, Walailak Academy, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand

5

Section of Pharmacy, University of San Carlos, Cebu 6000, The Philippines

*

Author to whom correspondence should exist addressed.

Received: 6 June 2019 / Revised: 26 June 2019 / Accepted: 28 June 2019 / Published: i July 2019

Abstract

The demand for halal cosmetic products among the 2.iv billion Muslim consumers worldwide is increasing. However, the need for halal cosmetics remains unmet because cosmetics production is dominated by non-halal cosmetic manufacturers, whose production methods may not adjust with the requirements of halal science. The development of halal cosmetics and the assessment of their production operation is nevertheless in its infancy. The integration of halal science in the manufacture of well-nigh cosmetic products remains inadequate. Moreover, there is a global dearth of guiding documents on the development and assessment techniques in the production of comprehensively halal cosmetics. This paper aims to abridge existing literature and cognition of halal and cosmetic science in order to provide essential technical guidance in the manufacture of halal cosmetics. In improver, the adoption of these methods addresses the unique ethical issues associated with conformance of cosmetics' production operation to religious practices and halal scientific discipline. It highlights the applicability of established methods in pare science in the assessment of halal cosmetics.

1. Introduction

Halal denotes permissible and lawful, whereas haram means prohibited by Islamic police. Najis refers to uncleanliness, analogous to the contamination of something considered halal. Halalan-toyyiban is a concept wherein a product is deemed halal, contains wholesome ingredients, and does non pose whatever health risk when the product is used. The halal-haram rule is a function of the entire legal organization of Islam. The term halal is often associated with food. However, this term essentially includes a broad area autonomously from food. Halal is relevant in every aspect of a person's life, such equally source of income, attitude towards a product, and religiosity, among others [i]. Halal police prioritizes the importance of the permissibility of food to be consumed, because food intake directly impacts the development of human wellness and behavior. In parallel, consuming haram products (prohibited) is purported to be injurious to one'southward physical health and overall character. It is a dictum among Muslims to consume but halal products as this is viewed to affect religiosity [1,2].

Halal pharmaceuticals and corrective products are gaining sensation and increasing need amid the 2.4 billion Muslim consumers worldwide. The global halal marketplace is anticipated to expand at a compound annual growth rate of half dozen.8% until 2024 [3]. Autonomously from the large Muslim population who showroom loftier loyalty to halal products, halal cosmetics carry a wider marketplace appeal among non-Muslim consumers, who attribute these products with ethical consumerism and more stringent quality assurance standards. In improver, for not-Muslims, halal can get a criterion of accepted conformance and quality in trade dealings with Muslims [1,four].

Halal cosmetic products must not contain ingredients derived from pig, carrion, blood, human trunk parts, predatory animals, reptiles, and insects among others. Cosmetic ingredients derived from permissible animals must be slaughtered co-ordinate to Islamic law to be considered halal [4]. In the preparation, processing, manufacture, storage, and transport of halal cosmetic products, maintenance of hygiene and pure weather condition must exist ensured at all times. There is an emphasis on the absence of filth. The intent of certifying products equally halal is parallel with the goals of most quality assurance procedures (e.g., cGMP, HACCP) [1]. Hence, halal cosmetic products, begetting the halal logo, must be recognized as an indicator of cleanliness, safety, purity, and quality.

Although pharmaceutical products take gained scientific advancement way beyond corrective products as evidenced by the numerous halal-certified drug products in the market, scientific efforts in the evolution of cosmetics as a halal product must exist probed further to adequately fulfill global need. For Muslim consumers, knowing the origin of raw materials and the production process of cosmetic ingredients is vital, due to the Islamic law stating that every Muslim must consume but halal and wholesome products [5]. Moreover, scrutinizing corrective products can be very challenging and demands technical noesis of the ingredients, their sources, and manufacturing methods. Corrective products are complex and found several highly processed products that are manufactured using ingredients of animate being or constitute origins. Upon awarding, cosmetic products may be unintentionally ingested (due east.g., lipstick), inhaled (e.yard., perfumes), or absorbed through the pare (e.g., alcohol or ingredients of critical origin) [6]. With the known challenges, manufacturers take to guarantee that corrective products are critically developed to be halal in composition and back up holistically the requirements of Islamic rituals (e.chiliad., wudu, cleansing before praying, or reading the Qur'an) performed on a daily basis.

There are several challenges that need to exist taken into account in the development of halal cosmetics. Cosmetic ingredients derived from animals such as gelatin, lecithin, glycerol, fat acids, and collagen are very difficult to verify as halal. Some coloring agents may be derived from insects, hence qualified equally haram. Moreover, ingredients that are of bovine origin poses another challenge as the animals may be slaughtered in non-halal manner. Not just the apply of halal ingredients is required in the production but also the overall corrective product performance, in order to run across requirements of Islamic rituals. A example in point, a lacquered smash must exist penetrable by water to allow sufficient rinsing, and cosmetic products applied on skin must also exist penetrable to h2o or be completely rinsed off to let Muslims to perform their rituals appropriately.

While the detection methods for haram materials are in place, the evolution of halal cosmetics and the cess of product functioning are all the same in their infancy. Cosmetics production is dominated by non-halal cosmetic manufacturers [half dozen] whose production methods do not conform to the requirements of halal science, hence, emphasizing the need to develop guiding documents for such purpose. Moreover, at that place is a global dearth of guiding documents in the evolution and cess techniques in the production of comprehensively halal cosmetics. This paper aims to abridge existing literature and noesis of halal and corrective science in order to provide essential technical guidance in the manufacture of halal cosmetics. It highlights the applicability of established methods in peel science in the assessment of halal cosmetics.

2. Source of Halal Cosmetic Ingredients

Halal cosmetics are products, sourced from halal ingredients and produced in accord with the halal system, intended to be applied on a specific part(s) of the trunk, whether as leave-on or rinse-off, for the purpose of beautifying, cleansing, protecting, and changing the appearance of the trunk.

Cosmetics plant a myriad of ingredients including water, oils, surfactants, polymers, organic solvents, colorants, proteins, vitamins, institute extracts, preservatives, and antioxidants, among others [vii]. With the complex mixture of ingredients in a cosmetic product, corrective manufacturers must critically evaluate the ingredients and their respective source prior to evolution and production.

The source of ingredients intended for the development and manufacture of halal cosmetics plays a crucial role in the event and overall performance of the product. It is the responsibleness of manufacturers rather than regulators to substantiate the condom of the ingredients used for halal cosmetic products [8]. Manufacturers take to work closely with suppliers to ensure only halal certified ingredients are beingness supplied. It should brainstorm with an end in mind that raw materials, actives, or excipients must be obtained from certified sources considered halal. Not merely practice the ingredients have to be halal, merely also safe for consumers for the intended use. This department focuses on the mutual ingredients used in the preparation of corrective products. These ingredients are classified into halal, haram, and critical.

two.ane. Halal (Permitted) Corrective Ingredients

Halal cosmetic ingredients are any constituents derived from plants, soil, water, permissible animals slaughtered according to Islamic law, marine animals accounted halal, and synthetic materials that are condom for consumers and unadulterated with filth (najis). Tabular array 1 provides a representative listing of ingredients considered halal. Constitute-derived components and chemical synthesis (precursor compounds) of ingredients are replacing animal-derived ones in the manufacture of halal cosmetics equally a means to diminish doubt and to meliorate gain acceptance among consumers. Reducing the number of critical ingredients used in the development of cosmetics facilitates the certification process, because it rules out the incorporation of unacceptable or haram ingredients. As a rule of thumb, manufacturers must secure halal certification for each ingredient from suppliers.

The cosmetic ingredients listed below are classified equally halal on the basis that they remain uncontaminated or unadulterated with najis after obtaining and producing them from their halal sources.

2.2. Haram (Prohibited) Cosmetic Ingredients

Haram cosmetic ingredients are any constituents derived from human being body parts, blood, forbidden animate being parts and insects, and prohibited or restricted chemicals that are harmful or injurious to consumers. Ingredients recognized to be prohibited or restricted past governing bodies in corrective products are recognized as haram. Table ii provides a representative list of ingredients considered haram.

2.iii. Critical Cosmetic Ingredients

Cosmetic ingredients are classified nether this category if they originate from sources (e.g., unspecified animals, halal animals slaughtered in an unspecified manner) and process of synthesis (e.1000., incorporation of haram processing aids, contagion with haram or najis) nonconforming to the halal system. Nonetheless, the use of alternatively sourced ingredients classified as "critical" may yet exist allowed to be part of a halal cosmetic product after the manufacturer has secured halal certification for its origin and product, at the same time, uncontaminated with najis. Particularly, the presence of ethanol in cosmetic products is controversial, just co-ordinate to the Department of Islamic Evolution Malaysia (JAKIM) and the Assessment Institute for Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics Indonesian Council of Ulama (LPPOM-MUI) [51], cosmetic products may comprise ethanol every bit long equally information technology is sourced from natural aerobic fermentation (i.e., natural fermentation process in the presence of oxygen) or constructed sources (i.e., prepared from ethylene oxide, acetaldehyde, acetylene) and not from the khamr (liquor) industry. Table 3 provides a representative list of ingredients classified equally disquisitional.

two.iv. General Guidelines for Halal and Non-Halal Cosmetic Ingredients

Several guiding documents on the requirements for the certification of halal cosmetics be, and manufacturers must attach to the set standards alongside with those mentioned in the previous sections of this paper. These documents provide full general guidelines in the production and manufacture of cosmetics but incomprehensive on sourcing of ingredients for the industry of halal cosmetics, although none about testing of its product operation (i.e., in back up of Muslim rituals). The applicability of the guidelines listed in Table 4 may vary depending on the country of production and the target market, manufacturers take to ensure that these are met.

3. Production of Halal Cosmetics

The production of halal cosmetics does not but entail critically sourcing ingredients to be considered halal. The aforementioned principle follows through the production of the cosmetic products. Aside from cosmetic manufacturing requirements (e.g., cGMP, ISO among others) that manufacturers have to adhere to, a halal assurance system has to be in identify too.

A grade of halal balls system must exist developed and adapted as a requirement in seeking halal certification of the cosmetic product. Its main objective is to sustain the halal production processes to clinch compliance to the mandates of halal regulating bodies (e.k., LPPOM-MUI, JAKIM). This assurance arrangement must be applied in all processes in the production of cosmetics, wherein proper documentation of the processes is required. This allows the traceability of each process in the production system. Manufacturers must create an in-house manual for the halal assurance arrangement covering components on the halal policy, halal guidelines, halal management organisation, standard operating procedures, technical references, administration system, documentation system, stakeholder date, training programs, audit organization, corrective action arrangement, and management review system [87].

In this section, we provide points for manufacturers to consider and to ensure that a halal assurance system is in identify in the manufacture of halal cosmetics. Accuracy in documentation of these lines of evidence is expected among halal corrective manufacturers. Tabular array 5 presents points for consideration in developing a halal assurance system.

Manufacturing, Storing, Packaging, and Distribution

The formulation development of halal cosmetics must begin with ingredients that are undoubtedly of halal origin. Apply of alternatively sourced "disquisitional" ingredients (e.g., ethanol, fish-derived collagen, craven-derived gelatin) must exist recognized only when advisable documents of halal certification are presented. Other critical ingredients of unverified halal certification status are not recommended for use in the industry of halal cosmetics.

The manufacture of halal cosmetic products must be produced in accordance with cGMP and other quality standards to clinch product quality and safety. The cosmos of a group of personnel dedicated to the handling and product of halal cosmetics is recommended. The premises must be designed and located in an area with no take chances of contamination by non-halal materials (e.thousand., proper processes and personnel flow, afar from pig farms) [93]. All production facilities are restricted to the industry of halal cosmetics products only. It is imperative that processing of non-halal cosmetics must non exist done in the same plant to avoid mandatory ritual cleansing (sertu), which may touch on operations [93]. Equipment must be dedicated for use only for halal cosmetic production. Contaminated water (due east.g., h2o recycled from sewage handling, water contaminated with najis) must not be used in the industry of halal cosmetics. The composition of cleaning materials (e.g., scrubs, brushes) used in the maintenance of equipment and facilities must non originate from not-halal animals [93]. Manufacturers have to clinch that the warehouse and production lines for halal certified and not-halal ones must be physically separated or located in unlike plants should the manufacturer opt to produce non-halal certified cosmetics. All the processes involved must be clearly labelled with a sign carrying the give-and-take halal to prevent them from mix-ups and contamination past not-halal or najis. In improver, care should also be observed to avoid unexpected contamination from the environment (east.g., haram pets) and manpower particulate contamination (due east.one thousand., non-halal food or dust).

Halal cosmetic products must be labelled according to the prescribed labelling requirement of the regulatory bodies of each country. The label must deport a halal logo and accurately reflect the ingredients of the product as a means to assistance consumer in their decision and consumption of the corrective product. Whatever text, illustrations every bit well equally its advertisement must comply with Islamic constabulary and local culture. The characterization should non draw lascivious or provocative images every bit this will automatically authorize the product as haram. The shape of the last product or its parcel must not exhibit the human body or body parts that are sexually suggestive. A similar tone is recommended in branding of the production. The brand name of halal cosmetics shall not be named or synonymously named after non-halal materials to avoid defoliation.

Packaging materials are i of the concerns in the manufacture of halal cosmetics. Materials used in the production of the principal and secondary packaging must also comply with halal standards. Generally, packaging materials are fabricated from halal sources but awareness on the origin of animal-derived ingredients used as aids in the manufacture of packaging must exist recognized. Manufacturers of halal cosmetics must secure packaging materials from reputable producers of halal packaging [94]. Product accessories (due east.g., application tools, brushes) must not exist derived from porcine, human, or other haram materials.

The distribution system has to ensure that halal corrective products accomplish the market maintaining their halal status without beingness contaminated past haram materials or najis. Halal corrective products are recommended to be handled and shipped separately from non-halal ones to avoid cross-contamination.

four. Testing Methods for Halal Cosmetics

In the analysis of halal cosmetics, sourcing of pare model is a major limitation that is unique to the regulations for cosmetics testing, ideals of skin scientific discipline, and halal systems. Although human or porcine ears are ascribed [95,96,97,98] to be used in the testing of cosmetics, this directly opposes i of the basic tenets of halal science, the absenteeism of human- or porcine-based manufactures. Consequent with this, the apply of rat peel, a competent skin model, or the sacrifice of animals are unacceptable in cosmetics testing equally well [99,100,101]. Skin that is of biological origin would have been ideal in this involvement attributable to its natural barrier function. These limitations overarch into the possible usefulness of artificial model membranes and reconstructed man skin equivalents primarily due to their questionable barrier office [99,102]. Despite these known limitations, a progressive recommendation must be met to let evaluation of cosmetics suited to be halal. In this newspaper, we suggest the use of silicone model membrane or Strat-M™ for permeation experiments, which supports the principles of the halal–haram system, data reproducibility, and ease of use. Unavoidably, a 3D reconstructed peel model may be used in determining the distribution of chemicals into stratum corneum (SC) and viable epidermis and dermis (VED).

The methods described for the evaluation of water penetration, skin permeation of booze and cosmetic actives of critical origin, and cosmetics "washability" are not yet required by whatsoever halal governing bodies, equally of the time or writing. However, these methods are viewed to supplement, if not, raise the assessment of cosmetic products compliant with halal science. Official tests and procedures for the quantification of most corrective ingredients take been stipulated in several documents [103,104,105]. The methods described in this newspaper are intended for the assay of compounds in the tests discussed herein. This section presents proposed methods for the assay of halal cosmetic production performance on critical aspects undefined previously.

iv.1. H2o Penetration through Applied Blast Polish or Hard-to-Launder Cosmetics

Special criteria for halal cosmetics applied to the skin are their ability to allow water penetration. The concept of classifying nail smooth as a halal cosmetic product is still a debate. However, there is a articulate method that demonstrates the penetrability of specifically designed nail polish with water. "Rinsing" of the nail may be achieved when a substantial amount of water penetrates the applied layer of blast shine and reaches the nail bed. Breathability (air/oxygen) and water vapor permeability take been claimed for water-based nail polish formulations using tests prescribed in DIN 53380-3 and DIN 53122-1 [106]. These tests, all the same, do not appear to be reflective of bodily in-use weather condition such every bit application onto the nail or rinsing prior to rituals.

Assessment of h2o penetration of nail smooth in its practical class may be done in ii means as a combination of previously described works [107,108,109,110]. First, a applied procedure utilizing a Franz diffusion jail cell and silicone membrane previously practical with nail polish may be employed. A second method being more than realistic, suggests the apply of human nail, or in this context the utilize of equivalent material, applied with nail smoothen and assault a specially designed Franz-type improvidence cell. The temperature of the membrane and nail must exist maintained at 32 °C. A finite dose of deuterium oxide (DtwoO) is practical on the donor side, with the withdrawal of aliquots at predetermined times. Detection of D2O using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy should direct confirm h2o penetration through the applied blast polish.

The same method is viewed to be beneficial in the assessment of water penetration in difficult to launder cosmetics (e.g., lipstick, centre mascara, heart liner). A silicone membrane set on a Franz-type diffusion cell applied with finite dose of DtwoO should confirm water penetration equally well.

This method opens windows of opportunities for electric current manufacturers of halal ingredient-based nail smoothen and difficult-to-launder-off cosmetics to revise and meliorate formulations, and ultimately, gain compliance.

4.2. Determining Permeation of Alcohol, and Solvent/Cosmetic Actives of Critical Origin

The use of ingredients in the development of corrective formulation are employed in accordance with its intended purpose. Cosmetic active ingredients are employed mainly for their purported activity (due east.yard., skin whitening, anti-aging). Excipients (e.grand., ethanol, other solvents) are incorporated to promote solubility of the actives/partitioning into the SC or merely for enhanced tactile impression or psychorheology. Information technology must be noted that ethanol is immune in topical formulations for use among Muslims provided it does not exceed i% [80]. Absorption into the skin of solvents with hundred-to-one origin such every bit ethanol and glycerin are well documented [81,111,112,113].

Functional cosmetics (contains quasi-drug actives) are at present mutual in the market and have become the preferred way of delivering actives with purported skin enhancement furnishings. In fact, they are sold in sets (i.e., cleanser, lotion, milk, essence) and are recommended to be practical in layers in a predefined sequence.

Detection and quantification of corrective actives in skin (SC and VED) post-obit dermal absorption has long been established [96,97,98,99,100,108,114,115]. Quantification of corrective actives permeating through the peel following actual in-utilise weather, such equally layered application, has been reported recently [116]. Together, these methods could provide insights into production formulation development with respect to the permeation of ingredients. Manipulating the proportions of ingredients in the formulation or the use of retardants could reveal an platonic formulation that could significantly reduce or eliminate absorption through skin of alcohol, solvent/corrective actives of critical origin (e.g., collagen, gelatin, glycerin). Analytical methods described in this section could ascertain whether disquisitional ingredients are absorbed or not. In addition, the evaporation of alcohol and other solvents can be evaluated to analyze its behavior (i.e., permeation or evaporation) one time applied on skin [111,112,117].

In the determination of ethanol permeation, radiolabeled ethanol (14C-ethanol) is suggested to exist used in the formulation in place of regular ethanol. Permeation experiments for ethanol and other ingredients of business may be carried out in Franz-type diffusion cells as reported previously [107,112]. In addition, gravimetric techniques have been reported in estimating evaporation of neat ethanol from formulations [112,118].

Realistic evaluation of chemical permeation can be attained when conditions closely simulating bodily apply conditions are employed [119]. The apply of a finite dose and the fashion of formulation application (in membrane) must be cogitating of actual in-employ conditions (e.g., layered application, divers sequence). Sampling from the receiver chamber is so performed as described above. The instrumental detection and quantification of compounds investigated may be performed every bit described previously. For reference, nosotros summarized instrumental quantification conditions in skin permeation experiments for some cosmetic ingredients classified every bit disquisitional (Table 6).

4.3. Cosmetics "Washability" Quantification

The ability of practical cosmetics to be done off is of paramount significance with concrete purity. This principle is of swell value in the observance of wudu and encouraged prior to the reading of the Qur'an. In fact, many cosmetics (e.chiliad., torso lotion, confront cream, blast smoothen, centre mascara amid others) are applied as "leave on" cosmetics and adhere on the skin for a long time [123]. "Washability" of applied cosmetics tin can be realistically simulated using a simple procedure described in a previous work [124]. Concisely, applied cosmetics on the skin is rinsed first with water, and wiped off with a cotton swab previously dampened with sodium lauryl sulfate (0.5%) to mimic consumer use of liquid lather. Lastly, the skin may be rinsed with water to reflect terminal rinsing during bathing or washing.

To ultimately validate the washability of applied cosmetics, dermatopharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies could validate the deposition of chemicals in the SC and VED, if any, may be done. A previous work presented a practical method for the quantification of chemicals deposited on the SC and hair follicles later on topical awarding [125]. It suggests stripping of the SC xx times using cellophane tape, extraction of drug from the record with ethanol, and vortexing for i h. Tissue distribution is established by cut and homogenizing the resulting VED. Quantification may go along equally described elsewhere [125].

5. Detection of Haram Ingredients in Cosmetics

Halal-based "purity" of materials and products is the basis for authenticity of halal products. In this study, we take identified new, yet relevant, methods for qualifying cosmetic products claiming to be halal-compliant.

Compliance should not exist viewed simply every bit an oversimplification of the absenteeism or presence of something haram in a product. Rather, one must not neglect the actual production performance and how it interacts with a Muslim'south daily rituals. In this manner, products are developed to be halal with an assurance both in composition and performance.

This department presents numerous works made in contribution to promote halal science, halal product quality, and compliance, and efforts in safeguarding the religious interests of Muslims. Methods of detecting haram ingredients, predominantly the presence of porcine-based materials, take been extensively studied [two]. Detection techniques are broadly categorized as chromatographic; loftier-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [126,127], reversed-phase HPLC [128], HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry (MS) [129], ultra-functioning liquid chromatography-time-of-flight MS [130], ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight MS [131], HPLC/MS linear ion trap/Orbitrap [132], liquid chromatography–tandem MS (LC–MS/MS) [133], and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy [134], or biochemical techniques; conventional duplex polymerase concatenation reaction (PCR) [135], multiplex PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism [136], sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [137], and calcium phosphate precipitation [138]. A recently adult method using LC–MS/MS claims to significantly reduce sample preparation time and presents splendid sensitivity to a loftier number of specific peptide markers differentiating materials of bovine and porcine origin [133]. Moreover, the utilize of a high-performance gas chromatography–time of flight MS with a lipid library search feature allows discrimination of the origin of ingredients. In addition, information technology has been reported to have isotope pattern analysis resulting in high sensitivity and high mass accuracy of the analytes [4].

It is not the intention of this paper to prescribe analytical techniques for the detection of haram materials but information technology encourages the apply of the described methods, every bit is feasible with the institution'south belittling capacity. Ultimately, any raw materials or terminate products can be tested using the tests described above to rule out the presence of haram materials.

vi. Conclusions

The development of halal cosmetics encompasses the concept of critically sourcing halal ingredients, applying halal practices in every step of the manufacturing procedure, and ensuring conformance of product performance to Islamic rituals. This document sheds light on the methods to assess previously disputed concepts in cosmetics and strengthens the existing testing methods in the assessment of halal cosmetics. The apply of scientific methods in the development of halal cosmetics must be avant-garde to ascertain the halal status and promote market place acceptance not only among Muslim consumers but too past non-Muslims likewise. Halal cosmetics transcends beyond religion because they crave rigorous scientific investigation to come upward with a production that is rubber, effective, pure, and sensitive to the holistic needs of the Muslim community.

Writer Contributions

Conceptualization, K.S., 1000.Fifty.South., F.J.A. and South.D.; methodology, 1000.S., H.T., One thousand.Fifty.Due south., F.J.A., S.D.; resources, E.Y., K.S., H.T., P.Due south.; writing—Original draft preparation, all authors; writing—review and editing, all authors; visualization, all authors; supervision, Yard.S., H.T., E.Y.

Funding

This enquiry received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Tabular array ane. Halal cosmetic ingredients.

Table 1. Halal cosmetic ingredients.

Category Examples References
Pare whitening agents 4-potassium methoxysalicylate (4-MSK) [9,10]
Arbutin [11,12]
Ferulic acid [xiii]
Hinokitol [14]
Kojic acid [15,xvi]
Resveratrol [17]
Tranexamic acid [eighteen]
Vitamin B3 [19]
Vitamin C [20]
Anti-crumbling agents Capsanthin [21]
Capsorubin [21]
Delphinidin [22]
Gallic acid [23]
Genistein [24]
Glycyrrhizin [25]
Lutein [26]
Phloretin [27]
Salidroside [28]
Sclareol [29]
Trans-communic acrid (TCA) [thirty]
Umbelliferone [31]
Vitamin B3 [19]
Thickeners Carboxymethyl cellulose [32]
Carnauba wax [33]
Carrageenan [34]
Petrolatum [35]
Colorants Carotene (red-orangish) [7,36]
Lithospermum purple (violet) [vii,36]
Paprika (yellow, orange, reddish) [seven,36]
Safflower (yellow, blood-red) [seven,36]
Turmeric (yellow) [7,36]
Solvents Avocado oil [37,38]
Corn oil [39]
Cottonseed oil [xl]
Dipropylene glycol [41]
Jojoba oil [42]
Liquid alkane series (mineral oil) [43,44]
Polyethylene glycol [45]
Safflower oil [46]
Sesame oil [47]
Water [4]

Table 2. Haram cosmetic ingredients.

Table 2. Haram cosmetic ingredients.

Category Examples References
Restricted chemicals Cfc propellants [48]
Chloroform [48]
Halogenated salicylanilides [48]
Hexachlorophene [48]
Mercury compounds [48]
Methylene chloride [48]
Prohibited cattle materials [48]
Vinyl chloride [48]
Zirconium-containing complexes [48]
Insect derived Cerise dye (Cochineal; East 120 or Natural Cerise 4) [7,36]
Ruddy dye (from Kermes vermilio) [vii,36]
Laccaic acrid [7,36]
Beeswax [49]
Human derived Amniotic fluid [4]
Growth factors [iv]
Placenta [4]
Porcine derived Amniotic fluid [4,l]
Gelatin [4]
Growth factors [4,50]
Placenta [4,50]

Table three. Disquisitional cosmetic ingredients.

Table 3. Critical cosmetic ingredients.

Category Ingredients Comments References
Actives Allantoin May exist derived from unspecified creature urine [52]
Alpha hydroxy acids May be derived from unspecified animals [53,54]
Azelaic acid May be derived from oleic acid of unspecified brute origin; haram if contaminated with Malassezia furfur [55]
Caffeic acrid May be synthesized using microbes or obtained from bee propolis; Halal if plant-derived [56,57]
Collagen May be porcine-derived, human-derived; halal if marine-derived [58]
Hyaluronic acid May be derived from unspecified brute tissues [59]
Keratin May be derived from cashmere goat or sheep wool [4,60,61]
Mequinol May be synthesized using methanol [62]
Oligopeptides May exist derived from unspecified microorganisms and animals [63]
Ubiquinone (CoQ10) May be derived from unspecified animals [64,65]
Urea May be derived from unspecified animals [four,66]
Vitamin East May be produced from not-halal processes (i.east., use of lipase or unspecified origin of precursor materials) [67]
Thickeners Gelatin May be porcine-derived; halal if derived from fish [68]
Palmitic acid May exist derived from unspecified animals; halal if institute-derived [69]
Xanthan glue Haram if contaminated with fermenting bacterium; halal if uncontaminated and obtained from natural aerobic fermentation [70]
Oils Linoleic acid/Linolenic acrid May be derived from unspecified animals; halal if plant-derived [71]
Oleic acid May be porcine-derived [72]
Palm kernel oil May be derived from unspecified animals [73]
Stearic acrid/stearyl alcohol May be porcine-derived; halal if plant-derived [74]
Squalane May be derived from unspecified animals; halal if plant-derived [75]
Waxes Cetyl alcohol May exist derived from palmitic acrid of unspecified animal origin [76,77,78]
Lanolin booze May be derived from non-halal slaughtered animals; halal if obtained from living animals [79]
Stearyl alcohol May be derived from stearic acid of unspecified beast origin [74]
Solvents Ethanol Must be from natural aerobic fermentation or synthetic ethanol; intended as preservative in cosmetic formulations [51,80]
Glycerin/glycerol May be porcine-derived [81]
Propylene glycol May be derived from glycerol of unspecified animate being origin [82,83]

Table 4. List of guidelines for corrective product.

Tabular array iv. List of guidelines for cosmetic product.

Guidelines Description References
ISO 22716:2007 Expert Manufacturing Practices (GMP) Guidelines for Cosmetics [84]
OIC/SMIIC 4:2018 Standard and Metrology Establish for the Islamic Countries—Halal Cosmetics Requirements [85]
GSO 2055-4:2014 Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Arrangement (GSO)—Requirements for Cosmetics and Personal Care [86]
LPPOM MUI: HAS23000:1 MUI Halal Certification Requirements [87]
Association of southeast asian nations Cosmetic Directives Association for S E Asian Nations Guiding Certificate for Corrective Manufacturers and Consumers [88]
MS 2200-one:2008 Islamic Consumer Goods Part one: Cosmetic and Personal Intendance-Full general Guidelines [89]
NPRA Guidelines: 2017 Guidelines for Control of Cosmetic Products in Malaysia [90]
U.Southward. FDA Guidance for Industry Cosmetic Good Manufacturing Practices [91]
ICH Guidelines Q7: 2016 International Council for Harmonization Guidelines on Proficient Manufacturing Practices [92]

Table 5. Points for consideration in halal balls system.

Table five. Points for consideration in halal assurance organization.

a. Comprehensive document exhibiting halal balls system
b. Comprehensive fabric specification used in the production of halal cosmetics
c. Comprehensive and valid halal certification of materials and facility
d. Compliance of conception ingredients and the list of halal materials
eastward. Conformity between textile purchasing document and the listing of halal material
f. Comprehensive document and conformity between product document and the listing of halal materials
g. Comprehensive document and conformity between warehousing/storage document and list of halal materials and products
h. Traceability system

Table 6. List of methods used in the quantification of cosmetic ingredients.

Tabular array 6. List of methods used in the quantification of cosmetic ingredients.

Ingredients Belittling technique References
Azelaic acid Loftier-operation liquid chromatography (215 nm, acetonitrile:phosphate buffer; 25:75 (v/v)) [120]
Collagen, pentapeptide Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (Pentafluoropropionic acid solution:acetonitrile; 87:thirteen (v/five)) [121]
Ethanol (14C-ethanol) Liquid scintillation counting [112]
Glycerin (14C-glycerol) Liquid scintillation counting [111]
Propylene glycol Gas chromatography (helium as carrier gas) [117]
Ubiquinone (CoQ10) UV-Vis spectroscopy (405 nm) [122]
Urea (14C-urea) Liquid scintillation counting [111]

Source: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/6/3/37/htm

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